Off-grid living blog: a firsthand account of building and living in a remote area

The following is a firsthand account of a building project by Craig Anderson and his wife France-Pascale Ménardwhobought a large piece of land in West Quebec overlooking the Gatineau River and explored the potential options for creating an off-grid passively heated home. This is the first of many posts that will follow, written by Craig himself, documenting his research and the decisions made through the entire building process.

虽然我们提供了关于建设的所有阶段的全面信息，但从开始到结束跟踪一个项目，我们认为可以为接受同样挑战的读者提供一些有价值的见解(更不用说勇气和灵感了)。

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Building a highly efficient 'green' home is something that I thought about for many years before it actually happened. I never formally studied architecture or building science, but I dabbled in researching the topic for a decade. I remember that I was absolutely inspired when I first came across some of the designs for highly-efficient homes from the 70's, especially some of thepassive solar designs of that time.

There were terms like Trombe walls, usage of large water tanks for thermal mass, 'Earthships家里有温室等等。在为未来建造创新的绿色住宅方面，人们进行了大量的实验，希望能大幅减少建造和运行一个家庭所需的能源。This experimentation really was necessary, because as I read further, I came across the critiques of all of the things that didn't work, causing things such asmold in homesand massive overheating in the summer.

Looking on the internet also meant discoveringlots of books and equipment for off-grid living, that is interesting to browse through.

While there were a lot of interesting ideas here, clearly I was going to need further inspiration elsewhere. And I did go on to find further work on passive solar design done much more recently, that has distilled out some of the best design principles to take advantage of that free energy source, the sun. I also discovered thePassive House movementcoming out of Europe, which looks to drastically reduce overall energy use through such things as super-insulation and extremely airtight buildings.

Interior design concepts:

For any of you who are considering building a custom home, I would recommend that you start by doing what we did, and make a list of things that you require, those that you would like, and those that you just don't want to do. Also take the time to look at lots of pictures, as it always helped us to figure out if something would work by finding a good example. My digital scrapbook of inspiration eventually made it to several hundred pictures. And be prepared to revise that list in the face of budget, practicalities, or even your own changing understanding. The following was our starting wish list:

• 3 bedrooms, 2 baths
• Nice screen porch facing the river
• Upside-down design, with living spaces on the upper level, and the bedrooms on the lower level
• Passive solar orientation with plenty of big windows
• As compact as possible given what we are trying to fit in, both for energy efficiency as well as to contain costs
• Super-insulated
• Timber framed, or otherwise using lots of natural wood
• Contemporary design with a single pitched shed style roof
• Resilient design, using well-chosen design details and high quality components, so that house will age well over decades
• Big stone fireplace with a high efficiency stove insert

Orientation for passive heat gain:

Forest surrounds the home on all sides, with amazing views of a small valley to the south, and a back bay of the river visible about 150' to the west of the house. We chose a hilltop location, in large part because of the views it afforded. This location has excellent southern exposure for both passive and active solar. It is also much less buggy than the surrounding lowland areas due to it being drier and windier. That wind is a double-edged sword as we are much more exposed to the whipping winds, which probably increase our heating loads a bit in the winter and have also put me in place to watch trees topple over and land within 20 feet of the house during a particularly vicious summer storm.

The first rule for Off Grid Homes looking to heat with passive solar gain is location © Craig Anderson

我们开辟的空地只够盖房子和院子，不到半英亩。在房子的北面、西面和南面，这意味着森林距离房子只有20英尺。东南方是一个长满草的院子，大到足以覆盖化粪场，东侧是一个停车场，我们的太阳能电池板被塞在空地的北侧，以减少树木的遮阳。与我们所在地区的大多数沿水边建造的房屋不同，我们没有清晰的视线朝向水面，也没有将房屋与海岸线对齐。We have a screened view of the water, which actually makes those glimpses out onto the bay more special.

Building Envelope:

When first considering how much insulation to put into the house, I looked to the Passive House certification system. To achieve Passive House certification, there is a hard limit on the amount of energy needed to heat and cool a space of 15 kWh/m² per year, which works out to about 1/10th the amount that a typical house uses. It turns out that this is a very difficult bar to meet in cold climates, with the amount of insulation required being simply immense.

With a house like ours it would have required walls roughly 2 feet thick instead of the 6-8 inches that are typical of current construction. After doing a bit of math, it didn't seem like this was an investment that would ever pay off, so instead we only took inspiration from the Passive House ideals, rather than attempting to meet them. We still ended up with a wall assembly roughly 15" thick, trying to balance cost and efficiency.

Another heuristic that I picked up from ourarchitect Anthony Machis the 60-40-30-20 rule. This suggests putting R-60 insulation in the ceiling, R-40 in above grade walls, R-30 in basement walls, and R-20 underneath the basement slab, which is much closer to what we actually did. I've elsewhere seen reference to concepts similar to this labeled as "the pretty good house". While a house like that won't meet the Passive House standard, it will still cut by half or two thirds the amount of energy needed to heat and cool a home.

For those of you familiar with reading building plans, I have put up the final house plan with all building details,here. These don't often seem to be shared, but I am not too concerned about someone copying our home; if you would like to borrow any details, please do so.

We built a cathedral ceiling using a single pitched shed-style roof. Starting from the top, the roof itself is through-fastened metal installed over 1x4 strapping. The strapping is placed on top of an ice and water shield fabric over .5” plywood sheathing. Beneath the sheathing are manufactured trusses with 3' of depth built in for insulation. Into this space a layer of 3.5" Roxul batt insulation was laid down covering the entire bottom of the ceiling cavity.

Loose cellulose insulation was then blown in above, mostly filling the 3' space, reaching an estimated R-80 for the ceiling. It was originally specified to be R-60, but there was enough space for more insulation, and cellulose is relatively cheap and easy to install, so a last minute upgrade was done during installation.

According to the energy modeling that we did after the house was complete, it turns out that R-60 would have been sufficient, as only a very small proportion of the heat loss would have been through the roof even with R-60. Beneath the rest of the insulation was a standard polyethylene air and vapour barrier, preventing air movement and controlling water movement. The interior finish is done with veneer plywood sheets that make for a very attractive ceiling to the room below.

For the above-grade walls, we ended up using a double stud wall assembly. The structure of the house is built with 2x8 lumber, which allowed both for the necessary support on the tall wall of the main floor, as well as to give a deep space for insulation. The bays in this wall were filled with Roxul batt insulation, amineral wool product. Mineral wool is a quite well-regarded insulation for its resistance to pests, water and fire. It is easy to cut and install and it holds its shape well, all leading to good long service.

在这个2x8的墙的内部是聚乙烯空气/蒸汽屏障。在里面是一个2x4的公用墙，容纳所有的电力，管道和数据电缆。这面墙也是用罗克索蝙蝠隔热的。最后，一层标准的薄板覆盖内墙。公用墙的一个很大的优点是，所有需要切割的出口，固定装置等，不会刺穿空气屏障。

在2x8墙的外面有一层胶合板，然后是1.5英寸的Roxul ComfortBoard，这是与Roxul棉球相同的材料，但以刚性板的形式。通过用矿物棉包裹所有的墙壁，它可以防止热连接，否则热量将通过木框架(与它保持的绝缘体相比，这是一个糟糕的绝缘体)。

Finally, the exterior has a house wrap weather barrier secured with 1x3 wooden strapping to allow for air circulation and water drainage, on which Hardie brand cement board is mounted. Altogether these walls are a nominal R-47.

For the below grade walls, which are about 5-6' tall around two sides of the walkout basement, the final assembly is a simpler one. From the outside, there is a 2" thick layer of rigid EPS (expanded polystyrene) foam, with a 4' wide skirt of the same material buried approximately one foot below the outside ground surface.

This skirt reduces the ability of heat to pass out from under the house through the soil during the cold winter. Inside of the 2" of foam, there is a waterproof membrane stuck to the 8" thick poured concrete wall. Inside of the concrete wall is another layer of 4" EPS foam, with the polyethylene barrier to the inside. The final layer is strapping covered by drywall. This total assembly measures R-26.

Underneath the basement concrete slab is 4" inches of EPS rigid foam giving R-16. A couple other finishing details really help to reduce the basement heating loads. First, the basement concrete slab is actually encased on 3 sides by foam, coming down from the walls, and then with the foam underneath it essentially looks like a foam 'bathtub'. This significantly reduces thermal bridging, making the diffusion of heat into the ground or concrete walls slower.

All the windows in the house have fiberglass frames, are triple-paned with argon gas, and have an insulating value of roughly R-5. The windows facing south were all chosen to allow in more of the sun's heat (called solar heat gain coefficient, SHGC)，而面向其他方向的窗户则有较低的SHGC。它们之间的区别是，高增益窗允许大约50%的太阳热量进入，而低shgc窗只允许大约30%的太阳热量进入。

This off grid home interior: Main floor great room with great windows & light © Bala Structures

The interesting thing about passive solar design is that much of the heating load is carried by the heat coming in the windows, with energy modeling suggesting that about 30% of the house's total heat load is being passively provided by the sun.

The final thing that always needs to be mentioned when discussing a building envelope is air-tightness. There used to be ideas floating around that a house needed to 'breathe', but these ideas havelong since been discredited, and high quality builders now look to build houses as tightly as possible, and actively bring in fresh air with a device like aheat recovery ventilator(HRV).

Airtightness is measured in air changes per hour (ACH), which measures the total volume of air inside a building, and how many times in one hour that this much air would be replaced when a home is depressurized with a big fan installed in the door (hence the name 'blower door test'). Old leaky homes may have an ACH rating of 10 (or even much higher), meaning that when depressurized, the conditioned interior air is replaced by outside air about 10 times each hour. Passive House rules require .6 ACH or lower.

Our house, with the polyethylene barrier mentioned multiple times above, measured at 1.47 ACH when the house was half done, with only the outer 2x8 wall and air barrier in place. The house is probably much more airtight now that now that the utility wall is up, caulking is in place and sheet rock is taped and mudded, but we never quite got around to getting a second measurement after the house was complete.

Other building assemblies:

I must say that there is a lot of interesting work going on by high-efficiency builders trying out quite a lot of ways to build very high efficiency homes that are simpler and cheaper. Even now, less than 2 years after our house was completed, there are already some things that we could change to simplify and make cheaper the house that we built.

One other example comes from Ecohome, the company of our LEED Green Rater Mike Reynolds. Their recentLEED V4 Platinum Edelweiss Houseis significantly more efficient than our home, and was also cheaper to build, as they did it with only a standard 2x6 wall and lots of exterior insulation. Needless to say, though the house that we have built is a very good one, there are many good ways to put together a high performance building envelope -

seeMore details of our off-grid home in part two of the Off Grid Home Building Blog Here.

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Editor's note: We appreciate the mention and we are very happy with the performance of the Edelweiss House, but like Craig, by the time we were done we already had ideas for wall assemblies that we liked better. That should always be the case, you do your best make discoveries along the way to improve it next time. Kudos to Craig and Bala Structures for a very well-thought out and executed build.

That is just the start of ourOff Grid living Building Guide Pages. Read more here aboutPassive Solar Home Design,LEED V4 for homes,Passive Houseand all aboutsustainable green building in the Ecohome Green Building Guide pages.