How to build high performance homes with less lumber

The cost of lumber is at an all time high, and because of that fact, other wall assemblies are showing themselves to be more affordable in comparison.So it’s a great time to highlight a few alternatives.

在大多数寒冷气候下的标准住宅建筑现在包括2x6s和玻璃纤维隔热板。这背后的原因与雪负荷和结构完整性无关，而是为了创造一个更深的洞来容纳更厚的绝缘层。

Moving from 2x4 walls to 2x6 walls made it easier to meet the requirements of cold climate building codes as insulation could be 5.5 inches thick rather than just 3.5 inches. However, code in many regions (including virtually all of Canada) now requires even more insulation than those 2x6 stud bays can accommodate with the standard 5.5 inch fiberglass batts.

The quick-fix upgrade for that little problem has usually come in the form of addinginsulated exterior sheathing, which is OSB with either 1 or 1.5 inches of EPS foam attached. This was something of an easy ad-on to meet the thermal requirements using a bit of foam, but there are durability concerns.

Foam is at least a vapor ‘retarder’ (which slows the migration or moisture) or sometimes a vapor ‘barrier’, which stops moisture altogether. That’s why the habit ofadding foam insulation to the exterior of walls concerns us, since EPS foam glued to OSB is effectively a second vapor barrier.

Every builder in a cold climate knows (or should know) that you want only one vapor barrier in a wall, and it goes on the warm side of the insulation. Yet we continue to install vapor impermeable exterior sheathing without realizing what’s actually going on.A ‘vapor barrier’ is not defined only as a sheet of polyethylene; the definition includes any ‘barrier’ that stops moisture, which insulated sheathing can easily do. OSB on its own will do it, but the problem becomes even worse when you glue foam to it.

And that sort of brings us to the point of this article – how do you build durable and well-insulated walls with less wood? Given the skyrocketing cost of lumber in 2021, we think it’s the perfect time to consider more affordable ways to frame and insulate homes.

下面是一些可供选择的墙体系统——我们认为其中大部分已经是标准建筑的改进——现在更容易让建筑商做出改变，因为木材的价格如此之高，而这些方法突然之间在财务上具有竞争力。So, here we go –

The highest R value insulation batts

Standard fiberglass batts, as well as off-the-shelf mineral wool batts like Rockwool often don’t meet code requirements in a lot of areas.However, the first thing to mention - which sort of goes against the premise of this article - is thatRockwool does offer a higher R value batt insulation at R24, if you can find them. In some milder climates that may help meet code, but anytime Building Code requires over R24 for walls, or if they require a seamless insulation and higher ‘effective’ R value, you’ll need to up your game a bit.

ICF walls are now as affordable as wood

There is a lot about ICF (Insulated Concrete Form) walls we don’t love, but there is a lot of good as well. First what we do like – they just work great in certain applications.A basement built with ICF won’t go moldy like standard basements do. If you opt to seat an ICF wall on anengineered slab on grade prefab kitthat is fully insulated and protected from moisture, you will have a dry, healthy and durable basement that won’t develop mold in walls since it is separated on all surfaces from ground moisture.

ICF walls are also airtight, soundproof, earthquake resistant, and reasonably well-insulated. So what’s not to love? Well…there’s all the atmospheric carbon it leads to. Insulated Concrete Form blocks get filled with, you guessed it, concrete. And the carbon footprint of cement manufacturing makes concrete one of the most polluting global building materials viewed in isolation.

So how do you make ICF construction more sustainable? A few ways - you can fill it with concrete that has been mixed with recycled content, or better yet, use some of thenew low-carbon and carbon-storage concrete solutions. There are many new innovations in concrete manufacturing in the pipeline that significantly reduce the carbon emissions; check whether anylow carbon ready-mix concrete suppliers are available near you now, with luck they are already, and if not they may be soon.

ICF walls are not all super high performers, despite that manufacturers sometimes claim them to be, but at least the insulation is continuous and not intermixed with low R value studs. So another improvement you can make to ICF would beincrease the R value by adding insulated foam panels to the exterior.

Building with 2x4s instead of 2x6s to save lumber

Using different wall assemblies than the standard 2x6 wall can allow for properly insulating homes using only 2x4s, which can save money on lumber.

For example – a 2x4 stud wall can be built as follows: tape the exterior sheathing so it functions as the air barrier,install 6 inches of EPS foam on the exterior, and those 6 inches will give you an Effective R value of 24. That is far better than the Effective R value of 5.5 inches of fiberglass in a 2x6 wall, which will likely be at best R15. Better still, install 7 or 8 inches of foam. An 8 inch EPS panel on the exterior would be an R32 thermal barrier, which is pretty much double what code would require in many cases, and it's also a smarter long term investment in colder climates.

This wall assembly doesn’t need an interior poly vapor barrier as the foam will be the vapor barrier.

Double stud dense packed cellulose walls

Cellulose is a recycled newsprint insulation so it is a natural product, and using it results in a much lower-carbon footprint home.Dense-packed cellulose wallscan be built with offset 2x3s, again reducing the lumber required.See more here on the Eco Home Low carbon prefab kit housefor wall details as well as performance and sustainability.

SIPS - save wood with structural insulated panels

SIP墙是一个泡沫板与护套(通常OSB)粘在每一面。面板本身是结构的，所以你可以避免所有的木材，你会找到典型的框架房子。Houses insulated with foam still have a bit of a bad rap within the green building community, but we think that is a little undeserved, so before you pass on SIPS because of its foam content,阅读这里，看看泡沫是否是一种绿色绝缘材料。

Buy a prefab kit house

The current volatility in the price of lumber and other building materials means prices could spike wildly on some wall assemblies and it could potentially be difficult getting materials delivered to a building site.If you sign a contract for a prefab kit house that will lock in prices, you may avoid some surprise price increases since currently the price of lumber is already 150% over where it was a year ago, and no one knows how high it will go before it peaks.

If prefab homes sound like a low-quality option due to a preconceived notion you have about modular houses, think again because modern prefab homes are often better than site built homes. You cansee our LEED and Passive House-ready prefab kit house models here; each models performs considerable better than code and usually for the same amount of money or less.

Mandatory energy labeling

Something that will come as a shock to most homeowners and buyers in the near future, will bemandatory energy modelling and labeling before homes can be sold.That means that in the future, any house in North America will need to meet certain performance requirements before being put on the market.

So, building a house today simply to meet code could be a costly decision in the long-term if you ever want to sell your home, as you may need to perform energy efficiency upgrades (like adding more insulation) before doing so. Better to just do it now!

Now you knowhow to save money by building homes with less lumber,findmore about green home constructionandchoosing sustainable and healthy building materialsin the pages below and inthe EcohomeGreen Building Guide pages. How to design a home for thermal comfort and energy efficiency The best lumber choices for timber frame construction homes Are high efficiency homes worth the extra cost? What are the best walls? Building science made easy - video Why to choose FSC certified lumber and paper products Find more aboutgreen home constructionand reapthe benefits of a free Ecohome Network Membership here.